Adding Clause Interleaving to method definitions (#14019)

This aims to add the ability to declare functions with many clauses of
type parameters, instead of at most one, and to allow those clauses to
be interleaved with term clauses:
```scala
def foo[A](x: A)[B](y: B) = (x, y)
```
All user-facing details can be found in the [Scala 3 new features
doc](https://github.com/lampepfl/dotty/blob/2a079f92bfc05420e90987d908c41589ac94418d/docs/_docs/reference/other-new-features/generalized-method-syntax.md),
and in the [SIP
proposal](scala/improvement-proposals#47)

The implementation details are described below in the commit messages

The community's opinion of the feature can be found on [the scala
contributors
forum](https://contributors.scala-lang.org/t/clause-interweaving-allowing-def-f-t-x-t-u-y-u)
(note however that the description there is somewhat outdated)

### Dependencies

This feature has been [accepted by the SIP committee for
implementation](scala/improvement-proposals#47 (comment)),
it can therefore become part of the language as an experimental feature
at any time.

The feature will be available with `import
scala.language.experimental.clauseInterleaving`

### How to make non-experimental
`git revert` the commits named "Make clause interleaving experimental"
and "Add import to tests"

### Future Work
1. Implement given aliases with clause interweaving: (to have types
depends on terms)
```scala
given myGiven[T](using x: T)[U](using y: U) = (x, y)
```
2. Add interleaved clauses to the left-hand side of extension methods:
```scala
extension (using Int)[A](using A)(a: A)[B](using B)
  def foo: (A, B) = ???
```
3. Investigate usefulness/details of clause interweaving for classes and
type currying for types:
```scala
class Foo[A](a: A)[B](b: B)
new Foo(0)("Hello!") // type: Foo[Int][String] ?

type Bar[A][B] = Map[A, B]
Bar[Char] // should this mean [B] =>> Bar[Char][B] ?
```

(Started as a semester project with supervision from @smarter, now part
of my missions as an intern at the scala center)

Author: Sporarum

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/ast/Desugar.scala

@@ -915,16 +915,16 @@ object desugar {
       name = normalizeName(mdef, mdef.tpt).asTermName,
       paramss =
         if mdef.name.isRightAssocOperatorName then
-          val (typaramss, paramss) = mdef.paramss.span(isTypeParamClause) // first extract type parameters
+          val (rightTyParams, paramss) = mdef.paramss.span(isTypeParamClause) // first extract type parameters
 
           paramss match
-            case params :: paramss1 => // `params` must have a single parameter and without `given` flag
+            case rightParam :: paramss1 => // `rightParam` must have a single parameter and without `given` flag
 
               def badRightAssoc(problem: String) =
                 report.error(em"right-associative extension method $problem", mdef.srcPos)
                 extParamss ++ mdef.paramss
 
-              params match
+              rightParam match
                 case ValDefs(vparam :: Nil) =>
                   if !vparam.mods.is(Given) then
                     // we merge the extension parameters with the method parameters,
@@ -934,8 +934,10 @@ object desugar {
                     //     def %:[E](f: F)(g: G)(using H): Res = ???
                     // will be encoded as
                     //   def %:[A](using B)[E](f: F)(c: C)(using D)(g: G)(using H): Res = ???
-                    val (leadingUsing, otherExtParamss) = extParamss.span(isUsingOrTypeParamClause)
-                    leadingUsing ::: typaramss ::: params :: otherExtParamss ::: paramss1
+                    //
+                    // If you change the names of the clauses below, also change them in right-associative-extension-methods.md
+                    val (leftTyParamsAndLeadingUsing, leftParamAndTrailingUsing) = extParamss.span(isUsingOrTypeParamClause)
+                    leftTyParamsAndLeadingUsing ::: rightTyParams ::: rightParam :: leftParamAndTrailingUsing ::: paramss1
                   else
                     badRightAssoc("cannot start with using clause")
                 case _ =>

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/config/Feature.scala

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ object Feature:
   val symbolLiterals = deprecated("symbolLiterals")
   val fewerBraces = experimental("fewerBraces")
   val saferExceptions = experimental("saferExceptions")
+  val clauseInterleaving = experimental("clauseInterleaving")
   val pureFunctions = experimental("pureFunctions")
   val captureChecking = experimental("captureChecking")
   val into = experimental("into")
@@ -76,6 +77,8 @@ object Feature:
 
   def namedTypeArgsEnabled(using Context) = enabled(namedTypeArguments)
 
+  def clauseInterleavingEnabled(using Context) = enabled(clauseInterleaving)
+
   def genericNumberLiteralsEnabled(using Context) = enabled(genericNumberLiterals)
 
   def scala2ExperimentalMacroEnabled(using Context) = enabled(scala2macros)

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/parsing/Parsers.scala

@@ -3079,6 +3079,42 @@ object Parsers {
 
  /* -------- PARAMETERS ------------------------------------------- */
 
+    /** DefParamClauses       ::= DefParamClause { DefParamClause }  -- and two DefTypeParamClause cannot be adjacent
+     *  DefParamClause        ::= DefTypeParamClause 
+     *                          | DefTermParamClause 
+     *                          | UsingParamClause
+     */
+    def typeOrTermParamClauses(
+      ownerKind: ParamOwner,
+      numLeadParams: Int = 0
+    ): List[List[TypeDef] | List[ValDef]] =
+
+      def recur(firstClause: Boolean, numLeadParams: Int, prevIsTypeClause: Boolean): List[List[TypeDef] | List[ValDef]] =
+        newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LPAREN)
+        newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACKET)
+        if in.token == LPAREN then
+          val paramsStart = in.offset
+          val params = termParamClause(
+              numLeadParams,
+              firstClause = firstClause)
+          val lastClause = params.nonEmpty && params.head.mods.flags.is(Implicit)
+          params :: (
+            if lastClause then Nil
+            else recur(firstClause = false, numLeadParams + params.length, prevIsTypeClause = false))
+        else if in.token == LBRACKET then
+          if prevIsTypeClause then
+            syntaxError(
+              em"Type parameter lists must be separated by a term or using parameter list",
+              in.offset
+            )
+          typeParamClause(ownerKind) :: recur(firstClause, numLeadParams, prevIsTypeClause = true)
+        else Nil
+      end recur
+
+      recur(firstClause = true, numLeadParams = numLeadParams, prevIsTypeClause = false)
+    end typeOrTermParamClauses
+
+
     /** ClsTypeParamClause::=  ‘[’ ClsTypeParam {‘,’ ClsTypeParam} ‘]’
      *  ClsTypeParam      ::=  {Annotation} [‘+’ | ‘-’]
      *                         id [HkTypeParamClause] TypeParamBounds
@@ -3132,34 +3168,39 @@ object Parsers {
 
     /** ContextTypes   ::=  FunArgType {‘,’ FunArgType}
      */
-    def contextTypes(ofClass: Boolean, nparams: Int, impliedMods: Modifiers): List[ValDef] =
+    def contextTypes(ofClass: Boolean, numLeadParams: Int, impliedMods: Modifiers): List[ValDef] =
       val tps = commaSeparated(funArgType)
-      var counter = nparams
+      var counter = numLeadParams
       def nextIdx = { counter += 1; counter }
       val paramFlags = if ofClass then LocalParamAccessor else Param
       tps.map(makeSyntheticParameter(nextIdx, _, paramFlags | Synthetic | impliedMods.flags))
 
-    /** ClsParamClause    ::=  ‘(’ [‘erased’] ClsParams ‘)’ | UsingClsParamClause
-     *  UsingClsParamClause::= ‘(’ ‘using’ [‘erased’] (ClsParams | ContextTypes) ‘)’
+    /** ClsTermParamClause    ::=  ‘(’ [‘erased’] ClsParams ‘)’ | UsingClsTermParamClause
+     *  UsingClsTermParamClause::= ‘(’ ‘using’ [‘erased’] (ClsParams | ContextTypes) ‘)’
      *  ClsParams         ::=  ClsParam {‘,’ ClsParam}
      *  ClsParam          ::=  {Annotation}
+     * 
+     *  TypelessClause    ::= DefTermParamClause
+     *                      | UsingParamClause
      *
-     *  DefParamClause    ::=  ‘(’ [‘erased’] DefParams ‘)’ | UsingParamClause
-     *  UsingParamClause  ::=  ‘(’ ‘using’ [‘erased’] (DefParams | ContextTypes) ‘)’
-     *  DefParams         ::=  DefParam {‘,’ DefParam}
-     *  DefParam          ::=  {Annotation} [‘inline’] Param
+     *  DefTermParamClause::= [nl] ‘(’ [DefTermParams] ‘)’
+     *  UsingParamClause  ::=  ‘(’ ‘using’ [‘erased’] (DefTermParams | ContextTypes) ‘)’
+     *  DefImplicitClause ::=  [nl] ‘(’ ‘implicit’ DefTermParams ‘)’
+     *  DefTermParams     ::=  DefTermParam {‘,’ DefTermParam}
+     *  DefTermParam      ::=  {Annotation} [‘inline’] Param
      *
      *  Param             ::=  id `:' ParamType [`=' Expr]
      *
      *  @return   the list of parameter definitions
      */
-    def paramClause(nparams: Int,                            // number of parameters preceding this clause
-                    ofClass: Boolean = false,                // owner is a class
-                    ofCaseClass: Boolean = false,            // owner is a case class
-                    prefix: Boolean = false,                 // clause precedes name of an extension method
-                    givenOnly: Boolean = false,              // only given parameters allowed
-                    firstClause: Boolean = false             // clause is the first in regular list of clauses
-                   ): List[ValDef] = {
+    def termParamClause(
+      numLeadParams: Int,                      // number of parameters preceding this clause
+      ofClass: Boolean = false,                // owner is a class
+      ofCaseClass: Boolean = false,            // owner is a case class
+      prefix: Boolean = false,                 // clause precedes name of an extension method
+      givenOnly: Boolean = false,              // only given parameters allowed
+      firstClause: Boolean = false             // clause is the first in regular list of clauses
+    ): List[ValDef] = {
       var impliedMods: Modifiers = EmptyModifiers
 
       def addParamMod(mod: () => Mod) = impliedMods = addMod(impliedMods, atSpan(in.skipToken()) { mod() })
@@ -3224,7 +3265,7 @@ object Parsers {
           checkVarArgsRules(rest)
       }
 
-      // begin paramClause
+      // begin termParamClause
       inParens {
         if in.token == RPAREN && !prefix && !impliedMods.is(Given) then Nil
         else
@@ -3239,41 +3280,43 @@ object Parsers {
                 || startParamTokens.contains(in.token)
                 || isIdent && (in.name == nme.inline || in.lookahead.isColon)
               if isParams then commaSeparated(() => param())
-              else contextTypes(ofClass, nparams, impliedMods)
+              else contextTypes(ofClass, numLeadParams, impliedMods)
           checkVarArgsRules(clause)
           clause
       }
     }
 
-    /** ClsParamClauses   ::=  {ClsParamClause} [[nl] ‘(’ [‘implicit’] ClsParams ‘)’]
-     *  DefParamClauses   ::=  {DefParamClause} [[nl] ‘(’ [‘implicit’] DefParams ‘)’]
+    /** ClsTermParamClauses   ::=  {ClsTermParamClause} [[nl] ‘(’ [‘implicit’] ClsParams ‘)’]
+     *  TypelessClauses       ::=  TypelessClause {TypelessClause}
      *
      *  @return  The parameter definitions
      */
-    def paramClauses(ofClass: Boolean = false,
-                     ofCaseClass: Boolean = false,
-                     givenOnly: Boolean = false,
-                     numLeadParams: Int = 0): List[List[ValDef]] =
+    def termParamClauses(
+      ofClass: Boolean = false,
+      ofCaseClass: Boolean = false,
+      givenOnly: Boolean = false,
+      numLeadParams: Int = 0
+    ): List[List[ValDef]] =
 
-      def recur(firstClause: Boolean, nparams: Int): List[List[ValDef]] =
+      def recur(firstClause: Boolean, numLeadParams: Int): List[List[ValDef]] =
         newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LPAREN)
         if in.token == LPAREN then
           val paramsStart = in.offset
-          val params = paramClause(
-              nparams,
+          val params = termParamClause(
+              numLeadParams,
               ofClass = ofClass,
               ofCaseClass = ofCaseClass,
               givenOnly = givenOnly,
               firstClause = firstClause)
           val lastClause = params.nonEmpty && params.head.mods.flags.is(Implicit)
           params :: (
             if lastClause then Nil
-            else recur(firstClause = false, nparams + params.length))
+            else recur(firstClause = false, numLeadParams + params.length))
         else Nil
       end recur
 
       recur(firstClause = true, numLeadParams)
-    end paramClauses
+    end termParamClauses
 
 /* -------- DEFS ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -3514,11 +3557,15 @@ object Parsers {
       }
     }
 
+    
+
     /** DefDef  ::=  DefSig [‘:’ Type] ‘=’ Expr
-     *            |  this ParamClause ParamClauses `=' ConstrExpr
+     *            |  this TypelessClauses [DefImplicitClause] `=' ConstrExpr
      *  DefDcl  ::=  DefSig `:' Type
-     *  DefSig  ::=  id [DefTypeParamClause] DefParamClauses
-     *            |  ExtParamClause [nl] [‘.’] id DefParamClauses
+     *  DefSig  ::=  id [DefTypeParamClause] DefTermParamClauses
+     * 
+     * if clauseInterleaving is enabled:
+     *  DefSig  ::=  id [DefParamClauses] [DefImplicitClause]
      */
     def defDefOrDcl(start: Offset, mods: Modifiers, numLeadParams: Int = 0): DefDef = atSpan(start, nameStart) {
 
@@ -3537,7 +3584,7 @@ object Parsers {
 
       if (in.token == THIS) {
         in.nextToken()
-        val vparamss = paramClauses(numLeadParams = numLeadParams)
+        val vparamss = termParamClauses(numLeadParams = numLeadParams)
         if (vparamss.isEmpty || vparamss.head.take(1).exists(_.mods.isOneOf(GivenOrImplicit)))
           in.token match {
             case LBRACKET   => syntaxError(em"no type parameters allowed here")
@@ -3555,9 +3602,18 @@ object Parsers {
         val mods1 = addFlag(mods, Method)
         val ident = termIdent()
         var name = ident.name.asTermName
-        val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(ParamOwner.Def)
-        val vparamss = paramClauses(numLeadParams = numLeadParams)
+        val paramss = 
+          if in.featureEnabled(Feature.clauseInterleaving) then 
+            // If you are making interleaving stable manually, please refer to the PR introducing it instead, section "How to make non-experimental"
+            typeOrTermParamClauses(ParamOwner.Def, numLeadParams = numLeadParams)
+          else
+            val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(ParamOwner.Def)
+            val vparamss = termParamClauses(numLeadParams = numLeadParams)
+
+            joinParams(tparams, vparamss)
+
         var tpt = fromWithinReturnType { typedOpt() }
+        
         if (migrateTo3) newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
         val rhs =
           if in.token == EQUALS then
@@ -3574,7 +3630,7 @@ object Parsers {
             accept(EQUALS)
             expr()
 
-        val ddef = DefDef(name, joinParams(tparams, vparamss), tpt, rhs)
+        val ddef = DefDef(name, paramss, tpt, rhs)
         if (isBackquoted(ident)) ddef.pushAttachment(Backquoted, ())
         finalizeDef(ddef, mods1, start)
       }
@@ -3695,12 +3751,12 @@ object Parsers {
       val templ = templateOpt(constr)
       finalizeDef(TypeDef(name, templ), mods, start)
 
-    /** ClassConstr ::= [ClsTypeParamClause] [ConstrMods] ClsParamClauses
+    /** ClassConstr ::= [ClsTypeParamClause] [ConstrMods] ClsTermParamClauses
      */
     def classConstr(isCaseClass: Boolean = false): DefDef = atSpan(in.lastOffset) {
       val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(ParamOwner.Class)
       val cmods = fromWithinClassConstr(constrModsOpt())
-      val vparamss = paramClauses(ofClass = true, ofCaseClass = isCaseClass)
+      val vparamss = termParamClauses(ofClass = true, ofCaseClass = isCaseClass)
       makeConstructor(tparams, vparamss).withMods(cmods)
     }
 
@@ -3802,7 +3858,7 @@ object Parsers {
         newLineOpt()
         val vparamss =
           if in.token == LPAREN && in.lookahead.isIdent(nme.using)
-          then paramClauses(givenOnly = true)
+          then termParamClauses(givenOnly = true)
           else Nil
         newLinesOpt()
         val noParams = tparams.isEmpty && vparamss.isEmpty
@@ -3837,32 +3893,32 @@ object Parsers {
       finalizeDef(gdef, mods1, start)
     }
 
-    /** Extension  ::=  ‘extension’ [DefTypeParamClause] {UsingParamClause} ‘(’ DefParam ‘)’
+    /** Extension  ::=  ‘extension’ [DefTypeParamClause] {UsingParamClause} ‘(’ DefTermParam ‘)’
      *                  {UsingParamClause} ExtMethods
      */
     def extension(): ExtMethods =
       val start = in.skipToken()
       val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(ParamOwner.Def)
       val leadParamss = ListBuffer[List[ValDef]]()
-      def nparams = leadParamss.map(_.length).sum
+      def numLeadParams = leadParamss.map(_.length).sum
       while
-        val extParams = paramClause(nparams, prefix = true)
+        val extParams = termParamClause(numLeadParams, prefix = true)
         leadParamss += extParams
         isUsingClause(extParams)
       do ()
-      leadParamss ++= paramClauses(givenOnly = true, numLeadParams = nparams)
+      leadParamss ++= termParamClauses(givenOnly = true, numLeadParams = numLeadParams)
       if in.isColon then
         syntaxError(em"no `:` expected here")
         in.nextToken()
       val methods: List[Tree] =
         if in.token == EXPORT then
           exportClause()
         else if isDefIntro(modifierTokens) then
-          extMethod(nparams) :: Nil
+          extMethod(numLeadParams) :: Nil
         else
           in.observeIndented()
           newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
-          if in.isNestedStart then inDefScopeBraces(extMethods(nparams))
+          if in.isNestedStart then inDefScopeBraces(extMethods(numLeadParams))
           else { syntaxErrorOrIncomplete(em"Extension without extension methods") ; Nil }
       val result = atSpan(start)(ExtMethods(joinParams(tparams, leadParamss.toList), methods))
       val comment = in.getDocComment(start)

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/printing/RefinedPrinter.scala

@@ -896,30 +896,31 @@ class RefinedPrinter(_ctx: Context) extends PlainPrinter(_ctx) {
           if isExtension then
             val paramss =
               if tree.name.isRightAssocOperatorName then
+                // If you change the names of the clauses below, also change them in right-associative-extension-methods.md
                 // we have the following encoding of tree.paramss:
-                //   (leadingTyParamss ++ leadingUsing
-                //      ++ rightTyParamss ++ rightParamss
-                //      ++ leftParamss ++ trailingUsing ++ rest)
+                //   (leftTyParams ++ leadingUsing
+                //      ++ rightTyParams ++ rightParam
+                //      ++ leftParam ++ trailingUsing ++ rest)
                 //   e.g.
                 //     extension [A](using B)(c: C)(using D)
                 //       def %:[E](f: F)(g: G)(using H): Res = ???
                 //   will have the following values:
-                //   - leadingTyParamss = List(`[A]`)
+                //   - leftTyParams = List(`[A]`)
                 //   - leadingUsing = List(`(using B)`)
-                //   - rightTyParamss = List(`[E]`)
-                //   - rightParamss = List(`(f: F)`)
-                //   - leftParamss = List(`(c: C)`)
+                //   - rightTyParams = List(`[E]`)
+                //   - rightParam = List(`(f: F)`)
+                //   - leftParam = List(`(c: C)`)
                 //   - trailingUsing = List(`(using D)`)
                 //   - rest = List(`(g: G)`, `(using H)`)
-                // we need to swap (rightTyParams ++ rightParamss) with (leftParamss ++ trailingUsing)
-                val (leadingTyParamss, rest1) = tree.paramss.span(isTypeParamClause)
+                // we need to swap (rightTyParams ++ rightParam) with (leftParam ++ trailingUsing)
+                val (leftTyParams, rest1) = tree.paramss.span(isTypeParamClause)
                 val (leadingUsing, rest2) = rest1.span(isUsingClause)
-                val (rightTyParamss, rest3) = rest2.span(isTypeParamClause)
-                val (rightParamss, rest4) = rest3.splitAt(1)
-                val (leftParamss, rest5) = rest4.splitAt(1)
+                val (rightTyParams, rest3) = rest2.span(isTypeParamClause)
+                val (rightParam, rest4) = rest3.splitAt(1)
+                val (leftParam, rest5) = rest4.splitAt(1)
                 val (trailingUsing, rest6) = rest5.span(isUsingClause)
-                if leftParamss.nonEmpty then
-                  leadingTyParamss ::: leadingUsing ::: leftParamss ::: trailingUsing ::: rightTyParamss ::: rightParamss ::: rest6
+                if leftParam.nonEmpty then
+                  leftTyParams ::: leadingUsing ::: leftParam ::: trailingUsing ::: rightTyParams ::: rightParam ::: rest6
                 else
                   tree.paramss // it wasn't a binary operator, after all.
               else